Is ankle taping effective to limit the ankle dorsiflexion in a single-training session? An observational study in semi-professional basketball players

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Ankle taping (AT) is effective in preventing ankle sprain injuries in most common sports and is employed in rehabilitation and prevention sports. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of AT to restricting excessive frontal plane ankle movements in semi-professional basketball players throughout the training session. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was performed at the Universidad Europea de Madrid. METHODS: Forty male and female semi-professional basketball players were divided into two groups. The ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and interlimb asymmetries in a weight-bearing lunge position were evaluated at four time points: 1) with no tape, 2) before practice, at 30 min of practice, and 3) immediately after practice. RESULTS: In male basketball players, no differences were observed in the right and left ankles between the baseline and 30 min and between baseline and 90 min of assessment. In female athletes, significant differences were reported between baseline and pre-training assessments for the right ankle and also significant differences between baseline and 90 min in both ankles. CONCLUSIONS: Ankle taping effectively decreased the ankle dorsiflexion ROM in male and female basketball players immediately after application. However, ROM restriction was very low after 30 and 90 min, as assessed in a single basketball practice. Therefore, the classic taping method should be revised to develop new prophylactic approaches, such as the implementation of semi-rigid bracing techniques or the addition of active stripes during training or game pauses.

Programa para mejorar la recuperación posoperatoria en intervenciones electivas de colon / A Program for Improving Postoperative Recovery in Elective Colon Surgeries

Introducción: Los programas de recuperación mejorada después de cirugía constituyen un conjunto de acciones aplicadas al paciente quirúrgico en el período perioperatorio, que se enfoca en reducir el impacto de la cirugía en la respuesta metabólica y endocrina y así lograr una recuperación más temprana de mayor calidad. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la aplicación del protocolo de recuperación mejorada después de la cirugía en procedimientos quirúrgicos mayores electivos del colon. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal y prospectivo con 163 pacientes con indicación de intervenciones quirúrgicas mayores electivas del colon en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras", durante el período 2017-2020 y se les aplicó el programa ERAS implementado. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 65,4±13,2 años con predominio del sexo femenino (57,7 por ciento). El 78,5 por ciento de los pacientes toleraban dieta blanda y expulsaban gases o heces por el recto al segundo día de la operación. La estadía posoperatoria promedio fue de 4,9 ± 3,4 días y en pacientes sin complicaciones se redujo a 4,0±1,0 días. La mortalidad reportada fue de un 3,1 por ciento (5 casos). Se complicó el 20,2 por ciento de los pacientes. El 6,7 por ciento de los pacientes requirió reingreso durante los primeros 30 días. Conclusiones: La implementación de un programa para mejorar la recuperación posoperatoria de pacientes con intervenciones electivas de colon demuestra resultados satisfactorios y mejora los resultados históricos del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras", en cuanto a complicaciones, estadía y mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs are a set of actions applied to the surgical patient in the perioperative period, focusing on reducing the impact of surgery on the metabolic and endocrine response, with the aim of achieving an earlier recovery of higher quality. Objective: To evaluate the results of the application of the enhanced recovery protocol after surgery in elective major surgical procedures of the colon. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was conducted with 163 patients indicated for elective major surgery of the colon at Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras", during the period 2017-2020, and who were applied the implemented ERAS program. Results: The mean age of the patients was 65.4 ± 13.2 years, with a predominance of the female sex (57.7 percent). 78.5 the patients tolerated a soft diet and expelled gases or faces througth the rectum at two days after the operation. The average postoperative stay was 4.9 ± 3.4 days and, in patients without complications, it was reduced to 4.0 ± 1.0 days. Reported mortality was 3.1 percent (five cases). Complications occurred in 20.2 percent of the patients. 6.7 percent of patients required readmission during the first thirty days. Conclusions: The implementation of a program for improving postoperative recovery of patients with elective interventions of the colon shows satisfactory results and improves the historical results of Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras" in terms of complications, length of stay and mortality(AU)

Prevalência de alterações oculares em lactentes no primeiro ano de vida / Prevalence of ocular alterations in infants in the first year of life

Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de anormalidades oculares em um grupo de lactentes e descrever quais delas não seriam detectadas pelo teste do reflexo vermelho (TRV); analisar os aspectos críticos para o cuidado das anormalidades oculares encontradas. Introdução: Dados globais em relação à prevalência e causas de alterações oculares são escassos, em função da dificuldade de realizar trabalhos de base populacionais. Estima-se que atualmente existam cerca de 1.4 milhões de crianças com deficiência visual em todo o mundo e que metade dos casos sejam atribuídos à causas que têm prevenção ou tratamento. A deficiência visual na infância tem impacto direto sobre todos os aspectos do desenvolvimento infantil. O TRV é um método de rastreio de alterações na transparência dos meios oculares implementado no estado do Rio de Janeiro desde 2002. Ele tem auxiliado na prevenção da deficiência visual na infância, através da detecção precoce de alterações na transparência dos meios oculares. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, dentro de um estudo de coorte prospectivo que avaliou mulheres gestantes e seus recém-nascidos (ZIP Study International Cohort Study of Children Born to Women Infected with Zika Virus During Pregnancy). As gestantes do estudo original foram recrutadas em 8 clínicas da família do município do Rio de Janeiro e seus recém-nascidos foram submetidos a um exame oftalmológico no primeiro ano de vida. Foi realizado o exame externo para avaliação das pálpebras, esclera, córnea, conjuntiva e cristalino, além da avaliação da motilidade extra ocular e oftalmoscopia indireta para avaliação do fundo de olho sob midríase. Foi feita uma análise descritiva e da prevalência das alterações oculares encontradas, analisando quais delas trariam comprometimento ao desenvolvimento visual e necessitariam de acompanhamento oftalmológico até resolução total do quadro. Além disso, quais dessas alterações não seriam detectadas apenas com o exame de rastreio disponível atualmente, o TRV. A refração, apesar de ter sido realizada durante a avaliação dos lactentes, não foi analisada. A partir das análises realizadas, foi feita uma avaliação dos aspectos críticos para o cuidado das alterações encontradas. Resultados: Foram avaliados 561 lactentes entre 09/03/2017 e 27/02/2019. A mediana de idade dos lactentes foi 1 mês (IQR 25-75: 1-2 meses). A prevalência de alterações oculares encontradas ao exame oftalmológico nos lactentes foi 5,7% (32/561), sendo 1,6% (9/561) passíveis de identificação pelo TRV. Todas as anormalidades posteriores e as que demandam a dilatação das pupilas para o seu diagnóstico não foram detectadas pelo TRV. Estas correspondem a 72% (23/32) de todas as alterações oculares encontradas. E foram elas: sinéquia posterior de íris, hipoplasia de nervo óptico, relação escavação/disco óptico aumentada, palidez de disco óptico bilateral, hemorragia retiniana, atenuação vascular, anormalidades da mácula e retinopatia da prematuridade. Noventa e quatro por cento (30/32) dos lactentes que apresentaram alteração ao exame precisaram de encaminhamento para acompanhamento oftalmológico. Conclusão: O TRV não identifica as alterações do segmento posterior do olho, que representam a maioria das anormalidades encontradas e que, apesar de não necessitarem de cirurgia, precisam de acompanhamento.

Purpose: To analyze the prevalence of ocular abnormalities in a group of infants, to describe those that would not be detected by the red reflex test (RRT) and to analyze the critical aspects for the care of eye abnormalities. Introduction: Global data regarding the prevalence and causes of ocular alterations are scarce, due to the difficulty of carrying out population-based studies. It is estimated that there are currently around 1.4 million children with visual impairment worldwide and that half of the cases are attributed to causes that are preventable or treatable. Visual impairment in childhood has a direct impact on all aspects of child development. RRT is a method of tracking changes in the transparency of ocular means implemented in the state of Rio de Janeiro since 2002. It has helped to prevent visual impairment in childhood, through the early detection of changes in the transparency of ocular means. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out within a prospective cohort study that evaluated pregnant women and their newborns (ZIP Study- International Cohort Study of Children Born to Women Infected with Zika Virus During Pregnancy). The pregnant women in the original study were recruited from 8 "Clínicas da Família" in the city of Rio de Janeiro and their newborns underwent an eye examination in the first year of life. An external examination was performed to assess the eyelids, sclera, cornea, conjunctiva and lens, in addition to the evaluation of extraocular motility and indirect ophthalmoscopy to evaluate the fundus of the eye under pupillary dilation. From the collected data, a descriptive analysis was made and t prevalence of ocular abnormalities found in the infants who participated in the study, analyzing which ones would compromise the visual development and would need ophthalmological follow-up until full resolution of the condition. Furthermore, which of these abnormalities would not be detected only by the screening test currently available, the RRT. Despite having being performed, the refraction was not analized. From the analyzes carried out, an assessment of the critical aspects for the care of the abnormalities found was carried out. Results: 561 infants were evaluated between 03/09/2017 to 02/27/2019. The infants' median age was 1 month (IQR 25-75: 1-2 months) and the prevalence of ocular abnormalities found on ophthalmological examination was 5.7% (32/561). The prevalence of ocular abnormalities detected by RRT in the study was 1.6% (9/561). All posterior abnormalities and those that require pupil dilation for diagnosis were not detected by the RRT. These correspond to 72% (23/32) of all ocular abnormalities. These were: posterior iris synechia, optic nerve hypoplasia, increased cup/optic disc ratio, bilateral optic disc pallor, retinal hemorrhage, vascular attenuation, macular abnormalities, and retinopathy of prematurity. Most ocular abnormalities, even transient ones with a potential for benignity, need ophthalmological follow-up until the complete resolution of the condition. In the study, 94% (30/32) of the infants who presented abnormalities on the exam needed to be referred for ophthalmological follow-up.

Estudio de la identidad cultural cubana a través de textos en la asignatura Inglés / of Cuban cultural identity through texts in the English subject

Fundamento: las herramientas tecnológicas que sustentan las redes digitales en la actualidad permiten numerosos intentos foráneos de convertir en patrones universales, ideas, gustos, emociones y corrientes ideológicas ajenas al contexto cubano. De ahí, la imperiosa necesidad de educar a niños y jóvenes en el respeto incondicional a la identidad cultural cubana. Objetivo: consolidar sentimientos identitarios de cubanía en estudiantes de segundo año de la carrera de Letras a partir de la lectura de una selección de textos en inglés, con sus correspondientes ejercicios. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cualicuantitativa. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: histórico-lógico, análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción; empíricos: análisis documental, observación, prueba pedagógica, cuestionario y entrevista a la unidad de estudio seleccionada; y matemático-estadísticos. Resultados: en el análisis del programa se detectó que el tratamiento a la identidad cultural cubana no tenía el énfasis necesario, el libro de texto corresponde a la serie de libros face2face de autores europeos. El diagnóstico a la muestra determinó que los estudiantes no poseen toda la información que sobre la identidad cultural cubana necesita un profesional cubano, y manifestaron la necesidad de profundizar en estos temas; por lo que se conformaron textos en inglés con sus respectivos ejercicios aplicables antes, durante y después de la lectura, los que fueron valorados por especialistas. Conclusiones: la propuesta educativa fue valorada como muy adecuada por su pertinencia social, aplicabilidad, estructura lógica y originalidad, por los especialistas consultados.

Background: the technological tools that support electronic networks today allow numerous foreign attempts to convert ideas, tastes, emotions and ideological currents outside the Cuban context into universal patterns. Hence, the urgent need to educate children and young people in unconditional respect for Cuban cultural identity. Objective: to consolidate feelings of Cuban identity in second-year students of the Arts degree from the reading of a selection of texts in English, with their corresponding exercises. Methods: a qualitative-quantitative investigation was carried out. Theoretical methods were used: historical-logical, analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction; empirical ones: documentary analysis, observation, pedagogical test, questionnaire and interview with the selected study unit; and mathematical-statistical. Results: in the analysis of the program it was detected that the treatment of Cuban cultural identity did not have the necessary emphasis, the textbook corresponds to the series of face2face books by European authors. The diagnosis of the sample determined that the students do not have all the information that a Cuban professional needs about Cuban cultural identity, and they expressed the need to delve into these issues; therefore, texts in English were created with their respective applicable exercises before, during and after reading, which were assessed by specialists. Conclusions: the educational proposal was valued as very adequate due to its social relevance, applicability, logical structure and originality, by the specialists consulted.

Perioperative care for major elective surgery: a survey of Brazilian physiotherapists / Cuidados perioperados de cirurgias eletivas de grande porte: um levantamento dos fisioterapeutas brasileiros

Abstract Introduction: Major surgeries are highly complex procedures and have a higher incidence of respiratory morbidity and mortality compared to other types of surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) are common after such surgeries and are associated with increased hospital stay, health care costs and surgical patient mortality. Objective: To investigate the most commonly used physical therapy techniques for the prevention and treatment of PPC among thoracic and abdominal surgery patients in all regions of Brazil. Methods: A total of 489 randomly selected physiotherapists who provided perioperative care for patients undergoing elective abdominal, thoracic or cardiac surgeries participated in this study. A questionnaire with nine questions about routine care and therapeutic choices for the surgical population was developed and assessed by 10 specialists before being administered to the physiotherapists. Results: Among the physiotherapists (63% with at least 5 years of experience with surgical patients), 50.9% considered the patient's surgical risk in their treatment either always or often. A total of 53.8% patients were treated by the physiotherapist following a physician's prescription. The most mentioned physical therapy techniques used to prevent PPC were postoperative mobilization/exercises (59.3%), postoperative lung expansion (52.8%), and preoperative advice (50.7%). In addition, 80.6% of the physiotherapists believe that incentive spirometry prevents PPC, while 72.8% expected this effect from positive airway pressure devices. Conclusion: Most physiotherapists in Brazil who work with surgical patients offer preoperative professional advice, use postoperative early mobilization and lung expansion techniques to prevent PPC, and consider the patient's surgical risk during treatment. In addition, some physical therapy sessions are routinely performed preoperatively.

Resumo Introdução: As cirurgias de grande porte são procedimentos de alta complexidade, apresentando maior incidência de morbi-mortalidade respiratória em comparação com outros tipos de cirurgia. Complicações pulmonares pós-operatórias (CPP) são comuns após tais cirurgias e estão associadas ao aumento da permanência hospitalar, dos custos com saúde e da mortalidade do paciente. Objetivo: Investigar as técnicas de fisioterapia mais utilizadas em todas as regiões do Brasil para o tratamento das CPP após cirurgias torácicas e abdominais. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 489 fisioterapeutas selecionados aleatoriamente, que atuam na assistência perioperatória de cirurgias eletivas abdominais, torácicas ou cardíacas. Um questionário com nove questões sobre cuidados de rotina e escolhas terapêuticas na população cirúrgica foi elaborado e avaliado por 10 especialistas antes de ser aplicado aos fisioterapeutas. Resultados: Entre os fisioterapeutas (63% com pelo menos 5 anos de experiência com pacientes cirúrgicos), 50,9% considera o risco cirúrgico do paciente em seu tratamento sempre ou frequentemente; 53,8% dos pacientes foram tratados pelo fisioterapeuta após prescrição médica. As técnicas fisioterapêuticas mais citadas para a prevenção de CPP foram: mobilização/exercícios pós-operatórios (59,3%), técnicas de expansão pulmonar pós-operatória (52,8%) e orientações pré-operatórias (50,7%). Além disso, 80,6% dos fisioterapeutas acreditam que a espirometria de incentivo previne CPP, assim como 72,8% esperam esse efeito da pressão positiva nas vias aéreas. Conclusão: A maioria dos fisioterapeutas que trabalham com pacientes cirúrgicos no Brasil utiliza orientações profissionais pré-operatórias e técnicas de mobilização precoce e expansão pulmonar pós-operatória com o objetivo de prevenir CPP. A maioria dos fisioterapeutas costuma considerar o risco cirúrgico do paciente durante o tratamento. Além disso, algumas sessões de fisioterapia são realizadas rotineiramente no pré-operatório.

Correção de estrabismo incomitante por cirurgia de recuo-ressecção combinadas do mesmo músculo reto / Incomitant strabismus correction through combined resection and recession of the same rectus muscle

Resumo O presente trabalho relata o caso de um paciente, masculino, 38 anos, com estrabismo incomitante e consequente diplopia, submetido à cirurgia debilitadora com recuo e fortalecimento com ressecção do músculo reto inferior direito. O objetivo desta técnica cirúrgica é a correção do desvio em sua posição de maior incomitância, sem prejudicar o alinhamento ocular na posição primária do olhar (PPO). O resultado satisfatório, em concordância com os dados da literatura atual, contribui para fazer desta técnica uma opção no tratamento de estrabismos incomitantes de difícil manejo.

Abstract The present study reports a case of a patient, 38-year-old man, with incomitant strabismus and consequent diplopia, submitted to debilitating surgery with recession and strengthening resection of the right inferior rectus muscle. This surgical technique aims to correct the deviation in its greater incomitence position, without impairing the ocular alignment in the primary position of the eye (PPO). The satisfactory result, in agreement with data of current literature, contributes to make this technique an option in the treatment of challenging incomitant strabismus.

Resultados de una intervención para la mejora del control de la hipertensión arterial en cuatro áreas de salud / Results of an Intervention for Improving Arterial Hypertension Control in Four Health Areas

Fundamento: las enfermedades no transmisibles representan uno de los mayores desafíos para la salud y el desarrollo en el siglo XXI. La hipertensión arterial constituye enfermedad y factor de riesgo clave para el desarrollo de otras enfermedades. Objetivo: mostrar los resultados obtenidos luego de la implementación de una intervención educativa destinada a mejorar el control y manejo de la presión arterial en cuatro áreas de salud. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles post intervención durante el 2014 en cuatro áreas de salud, dos pertenecientes al municipio Santiago de Cuba y dos de Cárdenas. Se estudiaron 1404 pacientes hipertensos mayores de 18 años, los cuales fueron seleccionados por medio de un muestreo por conglomerados bietápico. Se analizaron como variables sociodemográficas (área de salud, edad, sexo, color de la piel, nivel de escolaridad, estado civil y ocupación) y como variables clínicas (control de la presión arterial, adherencia al tratamiento y percepción de estado de salud), así como nivel de conocimientos sobre la enfermedad. La información se calculó en números absolutos, porcentajes e intervalos de confianza al 95 %. Se evaluó la posible asociación entre variables por la existencia de significación estadística (α= 0,05) mediante la prueba de Chi cuadrado de Pearson. Resultados: se logró un mayor porcentaje de hipertensos controlados (65,0 %) y adheridos al tratamiento (64,9 %), el nivel de conocimiento se incrementó (50,9 %), así como la percepción de un buen estado de salud (67,2 %) en comparación al 2013. Los resultados fueron más alentadores en los grupos que fueron intervenidos. Conclusión: el programa de intervención demostró ser efectivo al lograr incrementar los niveles de adherencia terapéutica y control de los pacientes.

Foundation: non-transmissible diseases represent one of the highest challenges for health and development in the XXI century. Arterial hypertension is a disease and a key risk factor fro developing other diseases. Objective: to show the results after the implementation of an educative intervention from promoting the control and management of arterial tension in four health areas. Methods: it was used a case and control study post- intervention during 2014 in four health areas, two belonging to the Santiago de Cuba municipality and two of Cardenas. A number of 1404 patients older than 18 years were studied, who were selected by bi-stage conglomerate sampling. Socio-demographic variables such as health area, age, sex, skin color, level of schooling, marital status and occupation were analyzed. The clinical variables analyzed were control of arterial tension, treatment compliance, and perception of the health condition, so as knowledge of the disease. The information was calculated in absolute numbers, percentages and confidence intervals of 95 %. It was evaluated the possible association among variables by the existence of the statistic significance (α= 0,05) by the Square-chi Pearson Test. Results: a higher percentage of controlled hypertensive patients was achieved (65,0 %) and with treatment compliance (64,9 %), the level of knowledge about the disease was increased (50,9 %) so as the perception of good health condition (67,2 %) in comparison to 2013. The results were more encouraging in the groups which were intervened. Conclusion: the program of intervention demonstrated to be effective at achieving the increase of levels of treatment compliance and patient controls.

Trauma maxilofacial en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García". 2016-2017 / Maxillofacial Trauma in the Emergency Service of General Calixto García University Hospital. 2016-2017

Introducción: La región maxilofacial es vulnerable a lesiones. En Cuba son escasos los estudios realizados sobre la atención en la urgencia dentro de la traumatología maxilofacial, por lo que surgió la motivación para realizar esta investigación. Objetivo: Caracterizar desde el punto de vista clínico-epidemiológico el trauma maxilofacial en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital General Calixto García en el período de junio 2016 a junio 2017. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal del universo de pacientes (2412 pacientes) atendidos en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García, desde junio del 2016 a junio del 2017; que tuvieron como diagnóstico trauma maxilofacial. Las variables empleadas fueron: grupos de edad, sexo, factor etiológico, tipo de lesión, conducta terapéutica. Resultados: En el estudio los pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 30 años representaron 41,0 por ciento; el sexo masculino 69,0 por ciento y los accidentes de tránsito 34,6 por ciento. Las lesiones de tejido duro más frecuentes fueron las fracturas nasales (13,9 por ciento); y de tejidos blandos las heridas puramente tegumentarias (82,1 por ciento). La colocación de vendajes se utilizó en 89,1 por ciento, y la sutura de heridas en 84,1 por ciento. Conclusiones: El comportamiento del trauma maxilofacial en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García, muestra que es predominante en hombres de edad intermedia y debido a accidentes de tránsito. Hay superioridad de lesiones de tejido blando y dentro de estas, de heridas puramente tegumentarias. La conducta conservadora, en su modalidad de colocación de vendaje, es la más empleada(AU)

Introduction: The maxillofacial region is vulnerable to injuries. In Cuba, few studies related to urgent care services have been carried out in maxillofacial traumatology, which led to an increase of motivation to conduct this research. Objective: To characterize maxillofacial trauma from a clinical and epidemiological point of view in patients treated in General Calixto García Hospital from June 2016 to June 2017. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with the universe of patients (2412 ones) that were treated in the Emergency Service of General Calixto García University Hospital with the diagnosis of maxillofacial trauma from June 2016 to June 2017. The variables used were: age groups, sex, etiological factor, type of injury, and therapeutic behavior. Results: In the study, the patients aged between 19 and 30 years represented 41.0 percent; the male sex 69.0 percent; and the traffic accidents 34.6 percent. The most frequent hard tissue injuries were nasal fractures (13.9 percent); and the soft tissue injuries were purely integumentary wounds (82.1 percent). Bandage placement was used in 89.1 percent, and wound suture in 84.1 percent. Conclusions: The behavior of the maxillofacial trauma in the Emergency Service of General Calixto García University Hospital, showed that it predominates in men of middle age due to traffic accidents. Soft tissue injuries were the predominant type of injuries, among them, the purely integumentary wounds. The conservative behavior in its modality of bandage placement was the most commonly used(AU)

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 / Clinical epidemiological characterization of patients with type II diabetes mellitus

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 700 pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, atendidos en las áreas de salud Julián Grimau García y Carlos Juan Finlay de Santiago de Cuba durante 2014, con vistas a caracterizarles según variables clinicoepidemiológicas de interés. En la serie predominaron el sexo femenino, el grupo etario de 61 años y más, la hipertensión arterial, la obesidad y la dislipidemia como principales comorbilidades, además de la neuropatía periférica, la enfermedad vascular periférica y la retinopatía como complicaciones más comunes. Por otra parte, los medicamentos más usados fueron los hipoglucemiantes orales y se identificó el riesgo de complicaciones metabólicas, tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol; este último duplicado en el sexo masculino

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 700 patients with type II diabetes mellitus, assisted in Julián Grimau García and Carlos Juan Finlay health areas was carried out in Santiago de Cuba during 2014, aimed at characterizing them according to clinical-epidemiological variables of interest. In the series there was a prevalence of the female sex, 61 years and over age group, hypertension, obesity and the dyslipidemia as main comorbidities, besides the peripheral neuropathy, the peripheral vascular illness and the retinopathy as more common complications. On the other hand, the used medications were the oral hypoglycemic agents and it was identified the risk of metabolic complications, tabaquism and alcohol consumption; this last doubled in the male sex

Efficacy of parasitological diagnosis methods in wild animals kept in captivity / Eficácia dos métodos de diagnóstico parasitológico em animais silvestres mantidos em cativeiro

Parasitic diseases are common in wild animals kept in captivity, and the research of these parasites is a tool used in wildlife management actions. Once the method most used in the practice of veterinary laboratories is the direct examination, it was considered appropriate to report the parasitism in captivity wildlife comparing this technique with modified methods of Hoffman, Pons and Janer (HPJ) and Willis. Fresh feces were surveyed in eleven precincts with specimens of the class Reptilia, Birds and Mammalia. A positive result for the presence of parasites was observed in 81.8% of them, of which 18.2% were, 9.1% helminths and 54.6% protozoa and helminths simultaneously. The direct and HPJ methods were more specific for the identification of parasites, 72.7 and 63.6%, respectively, while the method of Willis showed less positive results (36.4%). It is concluded that the ideal routine in veterinary laboratory fecal examinations of wild animals is to use the HPJ method associated with the direct method for the detection of protozoa and/or helminths, in order to obtain more accurate results.(AU)

As enfermidades parasitárias são comumente encontradas em animais silvestres mantidos em cativeiro, e a pesquisa desses parasitas é uma ferramenta utilizada em ações de manejo de fauna. Uma vez que o método mais utilizado na prática dos laboratórios veterinários é o exame direto, diante disto, considerou-se oportuno relatar o parasitismo em silvestres de cativeiro comparando esta técnica com os métodos de Hoffman, Pons e Janer (HPJ) modificado e de Willis. Foram pesquisadas fezes frescas de onze recintos com espécimes das classes Reptilia, Aves e Mammalia, sendo que 81,8% foram positivas para a presença de parasitas em que 18,2% apresentavam protozoários em suas fezes, 9,1% helmintos e 54,6% protozoários e helmintos simultaneamente. O método direto e de HPJ foram mais específicos para identificação de parasitas, 72,7 e 63,6%, respectivamente, enquanto que o método de Willis apresentou menor positividade (36,4%). Conclui-se que o ideal na rotina laboratorial veterinária para exames coproparasitológicos de animais silvestres é a utilização do método HPJ associado ao método direto para detecção de protozoários e/ou helmintos, visando obter resultados mais precisos.(AU)

Costo-efectividad del tratamiento antihipertensivo en pacientes de 2 áreas de salud del municipio de Santiago de Cuba en 2013 / Cost-effectiveness of the antihypertensive treatment in patients of 2 health areas from Santiago de Cuba municipality in 2013

En 2013 se realizó un estudio de evaluación para determinar la eficiencia económica del tratamiento antihipertensivo en pacientes mayores de 15 años de uno u otro sexo, pertenecientes a 2 áreas de salud del municipio de Santiago de Cuba desde las perspectivas social e institucional. Mediante un muestreo no probabilístico se escogió una muestra de 700 integrantes y se estimaron los costos directos, indirectos y totales para cada alternativa terapéutica. La medida de efectividad se basó en las razones de costo - efectividad y efectividad incremental. Desde las mencionadas perspectivas, el costo promedio de la asistencia al paciente hipertenso en el Policlínico Universitario "Julián Grimau García" fue superior al del "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay", debido a que en el primero resultó más costosa la atención secundaria de salud en comparación con el segundo. En el área de salud "Julián Grimau García" se logró ser más eficientes en el control de la hipertensión arterial, tanto en los costos promedios como incrementales. La mayor efectividad compensó el costo adicional, principalmente desde el punto de vista institucional

An evaluation study to determine the economic efficiency of the antihypertensive treatment in patients over 15 years from both sexes, belonging to 2 health areas of the municipality of Santiago de Cuba was carried out in 2013 from the social and institutional perspectives. By means of a non probabilistic sampling a sample of 700 members was chosen and the direct, indirect and totals costs for each therapeutic alternative were considered. The measure of effectiveness was based on the cost - effectiveness and increasing effectiveness reasons. From the mentioned perspectives, the average cost of the hypertensive patient assistance in "Julián Grimau García" University Polyclinic was higher than that of "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" polyclinic, because in the first one the secondary health care was more expensive in comparison with the second. In the "Julián Grimau García" health area was possible to be more efficient in the control of hypertension, either in the average or increasing costs. The higher effectiveness compensated the additional cost, mainly from the institutional point of view

Tendencias y pronósticos de la hipertensión arterial en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba (2001-2015) / Tendencies and prognosis of high blood pressure in Santiago de Cuba (2001-2015)

Se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y aplicada sobre los pacientes hipertensos de Santiago de Cuba, con análisis de series temporales, que abarcó desde enero de 2001 hasta diciembre de 2014. Las variables analizadas fueron la edad y el año de ocurrencia del proceso. Toda la información utilizada se obtuvo a través de los registros de pacientes dispensarizados en el modelo 241-476, certificados de defunción y bases de datos de mortalidad MortaProf, concernientes a los años de estudio y disponibles en el Departamento de Estadísticas de la Dirección Provincial de Salud del territorio. el diagnóstico de la hipertensión arterial en Santiago de Cuba constituye un gran problema de salud, evidenciado por una disminución de la incidencia y un aumento de las tasas de prevalencia, mortalidad y letalidad atribuibles a esa afección, cuyo pronóstico en cuanto a los indicadores de morbilidad y mortalidad apunta hacia un incremento en 2015.

An observational, descriptive and applied investigation on hypertensive patients in Santiago de Cuba was carried out with temporary series analysis that spanned from January, 2001 to December, 2014. The analyzed variables were the age and the year when the process occurred. All the used information was obtained through the patients records categorization in the 241-476 pattern, death certificates and MortaProf mortality databases, concerning the years of study and available in the Health Provincial Direction Statistics Department of the territory. The hypertension diagnosis in Santiago de Cuba constitutes a great health problem, evidenced by a decrease of the incidence and an increase of the prevalence, mortality and fatality rates attributable to that disorder whose prognosis as for the morbidity and mortality indicators points toward an increment in 2015.

Macrofactores determinantes de la infestación por Aedes aegypti en centros laborales del municipio de Santiago de Cuba / Decisive macrofactors of infestation due to Aedes aegypti in institutions from Santiago de Cuba municipality

Se efectuó un estudio analítico, de casos y controles, de 116 centros laborales del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, durante junio del 2011, para identificar los macrofactores determinantes en los índices de infestación por Aedes aegypti en tanques bajos y elevados, cisternas y otros depósitos de agua sin condiciones de hermeticidad, que se convierten en focos generadores del mosquito. Para ello se seleccionaron 48 instituciones con criaderos (casos) y 96 sin estos (2 controles por caso), además de los macrofactores: comportamiento de los trabajadores y la comunidad, agentes medioambientales y organizacionales de la entidad laboral y del Programa Nacional para la Erradicación del Mosquito Aedes aegypti. En la serie los resultados se validaron mediante la oportunidad relativa, el riesgo atribuible en expuesto porcentual y la diferencia de medias, lo cual permitió concluir que el control adecuado de los tanques bajos y elevados no protegidos, el funcionamiento del autofocal laboral, la limpieza y desobstrucción de los tragantes y drenes, de los solares yermos o terrenos enyerbados, así como la elevación de la calidad del trabajo de los operarios A, lograrían reducir la infestación en los centros laborales.

An analytic cases - controls study of 116 institutions from Santiago de Cuba municipality was carried out during June, 2011, to identify the decisive macrofactors in the infestation indexes due to Aedes aegypti in low and high deposits, cisterns and other water reservoirs without hermetic conditions which become mosquitoes generating focuses. For this purpose, 48 institutions with hatcheries (cases) and 96 without them (2 controls per case), were selected, besides the macrofactors: the workers and the community behaviors, environmental and organizational agents of the institution and of the National Program for the Eradication of the Mosquito Aedes aegypti. In the series the results were validated by means of the relative opportunity, the attributable risk in exposed percentage and the difference of means, which allowed to conclude that the appropriate control of the low deposits and high unprotected deposits, the focus institution detection, the cleaning and unsobstruction of flues and drainages, the deserted grounds or grassed fields, as well as the increase in quality of the work of the operators A, could reduce the infestation in these institutions.

La homeopatía a través de la mirada de la alopatía / Homeopathy through the eyes of allopathy

Desde su origen, la Homeopatía ha sido objeto de críticas por parte del modelo médico convencional, debido a que la metodología y los principios en que se fundamenta el arte curativo que configuró Samuel Hahnemann no son compartidos por el paradigma dominante, el cual se basa en el pensamiento positivista que se impuso en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Así, aunque ha pasado más de un siglo y a pesar de que la Homeopatía ha mostrado su efectividad cuando se aplica correctamente, la percepción de la mayoría de los médicos que ejercen la alopatía sigue en el presente las mismaspautas ideológicas de hace décadas. Esto pudo comprobarse a través de una seriede entrevistas con un grupo de médicos mexicanos elegidos al azar, quienes mostraron que los prejuicios y las descalificaciones hacia la medicina homeopática siguen presentes, aunque también se encontró cierta apertura en algunos de estosespecialistas.

Since its inception, homeopathy has been criticized by the conventional medical model, because the methodology and principles underlying the healing art that Samuel Hahnemann configured are not shared by the dominant paradigm, which is based on positivist thinking that prevailed in the second half of the nineteenth century. This way, although it has been more than a century and although homeopathy has shown its effectiveness when applied correctly, the perception of most doctors practicing allopathy follows in this the same guidelines ideological decades. This was proved through a series of interviews with a group of randomly selected Mexican physicians, who showed that the prejudices and insults towards homeopathic medicine are still present, but also found some open minds in some of these specialists.

Calidad de la atención médica a las personas que viven con VIH/sida. / Quality of medical care to persons living with HIV/aids.

Se realizó una investigación de evaluación de sistemas y servicios de salud en el Policlínico Docente "José Martí Pérez" de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2009, a fin de evaluar la calidad de la atención médica (38 médicos y 38 enfermeras de la familia) a las 58 personas que viven con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida en esta área, según las dimensiones científico-técnica, de satisfacción de los usuarios, conocimientos de los proveedores de salud y efectividad. Mediante la creación de un grupo de expertos, que establecieron criterios explícitos, descriptivos y normativos, construyeron indicadores y prefijaron estándares para valorar aspectos seleccionados de la estructura, el proceso y los resultados; se constató que existían deficiencias en la estructura de los consultorios médicos, con limitación de los recursos materiales e insuficientes conocimientos de los prestatarios del sector en aspectos fundamentales de la epidemiología de la infección y del seguimiento a estos afectados, los cuales constituyeron los indicadores de peores resultados y además influyeron en que la evaluación de los indicadores de impacto seleccionados fuera inadecuada. Finalmente, se recomendó llevar a cabo actividades de capacitación sistemáticamente para los proveedores de salud.

An investigation of health systems and services evaluation was carried out in "José Martí Pérez" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, during the 2009, in order to evaluate the quality of medical care (38 family's physicians and 38 nurses) to the 58 people living with the human immune deficiency virus/aids in this area, according to the scientific-technological dimensions, to the users' satisfaction, to the knowledge of the health providers and effectiveness. By means of a group of experts who established explicit descriptive and normative criteria, they built indicators and they preset standards to evaluate selected aspects of the structure, the process and the results; it was verified that deficiencies existed in the structure of the doctor's offices, with limitation of material resources and scarce knowledge of the sector providers in fundamental aspects of the epidemiology of the infection and of the follow-up to these affected patients, which constituted the indicators of worst results and they also influenced on the inadequate of the evaluation of the selected impact indicators. Finally, it was recommended to carry out systematically training activities for the health providers.

Características epidemiológicas de la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave en tres provincias de Cuba, 2009 / Epidemiological characteristics of extremely serious maternal morbidity in three Cuban provinces, 2009

Introducción: la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave es la complicación grave que ocurre durante el embarazo, el parto y/o el puerperio, que pone en riesgo la vida de la mujer y requiere de una atención inmediata con el fin de evitar la muerte. Objetivo: caracterizar la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave en La Habana, Camagüey y Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal, desde enero hasta diciembre del año 2009. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por todas las gestantes que se diagnosticaron como morbilidad materna extremadamente grave en hospitales maternos, según criterios de inclusión. La información se obtuvo, una vez realizado el diagnóstico en los hospitales maternos, a través de la historia clínica de cada gestante en la atención hospitalaria y durante su atención prenatal. Resultados: fueron diagnosticadas 222 pacientes. Los riesgos preconcepcionales con mayor frecuencia fueron la malnutrición, 55 (29,3 porciento), a expensa fundamentalmente de la obesidad (67,3 porciento); la edad extrema (24,5 porciento) y la multiparidad (22,5 porciento). La hipertensión arterial 70 (37,2 porciento) y la preeclampsia-eclampsia 79 (42,2 porciento) se identificaron dentro de los riesgos maternos y perinatales. El 39,2 porciento de las gestantes presentaron complicaciones después del parto. Las mayores cifras de morbilidad fueron, según manejo instaurado, por transfusión y Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (50 porciento); por cirugía se reportó el 49,5 porciento, mientras que en los dos grupos restantes se presentó el shock hipovolémico con el 31,5 porciento. Conclusiones: la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave ocurre con mayor frecuencia después del parto y sus principales causas están relacionadas con la pérdida masiva de sangre

Introduction: extremely serious maternal morbidity (MMEG) is a serious complication that occurs during pregnancy, childbirth and / or postpartum threatening the lives of women and requires immediate attention to prevent death. Objective: characterization of extremely severe maternal morbidity in Havana, Camagüey, and Santiago de Cuba. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2009. The universe consisted of all pregnant women who were diagnosed as extremely serious maternal morbidity in maternity hospitals, according to the inclusion criteria. The information was obtained once the diagnosis was given in maternity hospitals through the medical history of each pregnant woman in hospital and prenatal care. Results: 222 patients were diagnosed. The most common preconception risk of malnutrition in 55 (29.3 percent), 67.3 percent were mainly obese, extreme age (24.5 percent) and multiparity (22.5 percent). Hypertension 70 (37.2 percent) and preeclampsia-eclampsia 79 (42.2 percent) were identified within maternal and perinatal risks. Complications after childbirth were present in 39.2 percent of pregnant women. The highest morbidity figures were established by management, transfusion, and ICU (50 percent), 49.5 percent was reported by surgery. hypovolemic shock was present in the remaining two groups is presented (31.5 percent) Conclusions: extremely serious maternal morbidity occurs more frequently after delivery and their causes are related to massive blood loss

Competencias del profesorado en las TIC: Influencia de factores personales y contextúales / ICT Competences of teachers: Influence of personal and contextual factors

Las competencias del profesorado en las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación siguen siendo un elemento crucial para el desarrollo educativo. Este trabajo pretende establecer un marco que permita concretar las relaciones de los dos elementos competenciales (tecnológico y pedagógico) y analizar la influencia de factores personales y contextuales clave. La información se ha recogido a partir de un cuestionario en una muestra de 868 profesores de educación primaria y secundaria en la Comunidad Valenciana (España). Los resultados muestran la importancia de un enfoque multivariado, para valorar la complejidad del problema. Aportan una visión de las influencias de los diversos factores personales y contextuales que van más allá de los numerosas aportaciones basadas en enfoques univariados. Esto es muy relevante para el desarrollo de las políticas educativas, tanto las relativas a los programas de dotaciones como las destinadas a la formación del profesorado.

The ICT competences of teachers remain a crucial issue for educational development. This work aims to establish a framework to specify the relations of the two elements of competence (technological and pedagogical) and analyze the influence of key personal and contextual factors. The data were collected from a questionnaire in a sample of868 teachers from primary and secondary education in Comunidad Valenciana (Spain). The results show the importance of a multivariate approach to assess the complexity of the problem. They provide an overview of the influences of different personal and contextual factors that go beyond the many contributions based on univariate approaches. This is very relevant to the development of education policies for both programs for endowments as those aimed at teacher training.

Caracterización epidemiológica de la conducta suicida en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba / Epidemiological characterization of suicidal behavior in Santiago de Cuba province

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 949 pacientes con conducta suicida, de los cuales fallecieron 126 por esa causa en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba durante el 2010, con un incremento en el citado año y predominio en el municipio de Julio Antonio Mella, a fin de caracterizarles según variables de interés epidemiológico y así determinar la morbilidad y mortalidad atribuibles a ese comportamiento. En la casuística primaron el sexo masculino y el método de suicidio por ahorcamiento; sin embargo, el intento suicida preponderó entre las féminas, con mayor riesgo en niñas y adolescentes, quienes decidieron ingerir preferentemente psicofármacos. La realización de intervenciones educativas en los grupos poblacionales más afectados podría fortalecer los mecanismos de afrontamiento ante situaciones estresantes.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 949 patients with suicidal behaviour, of which 126 died due to that cause in Santiago de Cuba was carried out during the 2010, with an increase in the mentioned year and prevalence in «Julio Antonio Mella¼ municipality, in order to characterize them according to variables of epidemiological interest and in this way to determine the morbidity and mortality attributable to that behavior. Male sex and the suicide by hanging prevailed in the case material; however, the suicidal attempt prevailed among females, with a greater risk in girls and adolescents, who decided to take preferably psychodrugs. Carrying out educational interventions in the most affected populational groups could strengthen the facing mechanisms in stressing situations.

Análisis de la tasa de detección mediante ecografía de fetos con crecimiento intrauterino restringido y pequeño para la edad gestacional / Detection rate by ultrasound in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction and small for gestational age

Objetivo: Analizar la tasa de detección de fetos pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) y crecimiento intrauterino restringido (CIR) mediante exploración ecográfica. Método: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles. Recién nacidos (RN) de gestaciones únicas a término (entre la semana 37-42) en el Hospital Universitario San Cecilio entre 2009 y 2010. Grupo casos: 98 RN a término con peso al nacer < 2500 g, con peso fetal estimado (PFE) por ecografía en el III trimestre. Grupo control: 100 RN durante el mismo período con peso al nacer entre 3000-4000 g, con PFE por ecografía en el III trimestre obtenido de forma aleatoria. Resultados: La tasa de detección de CIR tipo I fue de un 11,1 por ciento con una incidencia del 0,1 por ciento y la tasa de detección de pequeños para edad gestacional fue de un 56,5 por ciento con una incidencia del 2 por ciento respecto al total de RN. Conclusión: En nuestra experiencia la EPF mediante ecografía en fetos con peso bajo el p10 tiene un error de 6 por ciento respecto al peso neonatal, esto permite una adecuada identificación de fetos con PEG y CIR.

Objective: To analyze the detection rate of small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) fetuses by ultrasound exploration. Methods: Cases and controls retrospective study. Material: Newborn (NB) of singleton pregnancies at term (between 37 and 42 weeks) at the Hospital Universitario San Cecilio between 2009 and 2010 both inclusive. Cases group: 98 at term NB with a birth weight < 2500 g; and an estimated fetal weight (EFW) by ultrasound in the 3rd trimester. Controls Group: 100 NB during the same period of time with birth weight between 3000-4000g, with EFW by ultrasound in the 3rd trimester randomly extracted. Results: The detection rate of small for gestational age infants born was 56.5 percent with 2 percent of incidence and the detection rate of intrauterine growth restriction type I was 11.1 percent with 0.1 percent of incidence within the total number of newborns in the period from 2009 to 2010. Conclusion: In our experience, EPF ultrasound in fetuses with weight below the 10th percentile has an error of 6 percent compared to birth weight, this allows proper identification of fetuses with SGA and IUGR.